Borderland Beat
Dr. Robert Bunker authored a three part report on Santa Muerte for the
FBI Bulletin. On this post I have
combined all three parts.
Prominent in Dr. Bunker’s end notes is the name Tony Kail.
Mr. Kail has been involved in researching religious cultures for over
twenty years. He has served as a Subject Matter Expert (SME) on unfamiliar
religious cultures and extremists groups to numerous public safety agencies; he
has authored several books on religious cults including Santa Muerte.
I was reminded of a question that derived out of the Jose Treviño
trial, I asked Mr. Kail about it:
Chivis: In the Treviño trial Mamito’s Santeria religion became a part of his
testimony;
The witness was asked why defendant Colorado Cessa sent
him cigars. "He sent me cigars because of my
faith," he further elaborated
saying "Santeria is based on the Lacumi beliefs of
the Yoruba in Africa... then
it came through Cuba with slaves. I sent people to do a cleaning on
the part of Colorado."
He was asked about ritual of animal sacrifice which he ignored probably because
it was posed more as a statement than a question, the last remark on District Attorney's Gardner's redirect was, "Santeria
doesn't justify killing people...” It was met by silence and Judge Sparks
excused the witness.
Chivis: What is the significance of the cigars?
Kail: The use of Santeria is
fascinating. The cigar in Santeria is used for two reasons. One it is used as
an offering to deities such as Elegua. The smoke from the cigar is blown into
the face of the cement stone representing the deity. Cigars may be left in his
shrine as well for some of the other deities.
Secondly, it is used in
cleansings. The smoke from the cigar is blown by a Santero/Santera onto the
body of a client to cleanse them of negative energy. The priest may start at
the head and move down the body of the client to cover them with smoke. This
cleansing is known as a 'despojo'.
I have seen some cases where
cigars were used as a tool to cleanse objects representing clients. For
instance, a Santero could take a photo of a client and blow smoke onto the
photo while praying to the orishas to cleanse the client.
The act follows a
spiritual law observed in magico-religious cultures known as the law of
similarity. This law states that if you affect and object that is similar to a
person or object, then it will affect it. Affecting the photo would affect the
person in the photo.
Chivis: How prevalent is the practice of Santa Muerte among Narcos? And..
1) Is it an accurate statement to say that the majority of Santa Muerte Followers are good people living within the boundaries of law?
2) What becomes so confusing is the 'hybrid' nature of these cults, how does this manifest?
3) It appears that Los Zetas has the largest narco following of Santa
Muerte, in my state of Coahuila controlled by Zetas, there are many shrines, I
have seen 5 shrines myself and the government allows them to stand, even on public
land.
Kail: Santa Muerte does seem to be very
popular among the narcos. However, the majority of her followers are law
abiding citizens who go to her for matters relating to love, social oppression
and healing. The narcos are very attracted to her as she has been 'demonized'
and creates fear among many communities. There is evidence that she is
worshiped among narcos like Zetas and street gangs like the Latin Kings. She is
called upon by some police in regions of Mexico that I have seen.
The term 'hybrid' is perfect. Yes,
there appears to be a 'Frankenstein' religious culture that the narcos have
built that takes pieces from African traditional religions and Latin American
folk religions. I have seen evidence of these organizations using Cuban
Santeria also known as Regla de Ocha, Palo Mayombe aka Las Reglas de Congo,
Puerto Rican Espiritismo, Mexican Curanderismo as well as others. They will take
artifacts and rituals and use them for selfish purposes.

I believe they practice 'cultural
misappropriation' and take a traditional culture like Santeria that is
practiced worldwide without any connection to drugs and misuse the sacred
rituals of this religious faith.
I have spoken with ritual specialists who tell
stories of people who seek them out to buy their services to perform rituals to
harm their enemies. Some of these are members of drug trafficking
organizations. Sadly, when groups like this are arrested, members of these
faiths that do NOT commit crimes are given a bad name.
I continue to see elements of the
magico-religious cultures in the narco culture and in reports of narco
activity.
 |
“La Santisima Muerte,” performed by Necrophobic, from the album Death to All
Santa Muerte: Inspired and Ritualistic Killings by Dr. Robert Bunker |
The narcotics wars in Mexico have increased in scope and
intensity beginning with President Felipe Caldéron’s December 2006 de facto
declaration of war against the cartels and gangs. The deployment of Mexican
military forces in counterorganized crime and stability and support roles
directly responded to the loss of the country’s control within many
regions—identified as areas of impunity—of the country.
Since this conflict began, over
45,000 people have died in the fighting, and the areas of impunity have grown
to include wide swaths of territory constituting hundreds of locales now under
control of the cartels. The criminal insurgencies waged by the cartels and
gangs, centered on a strategy of securing nongovernmental interference with
their illicit narcotics and other criminal economic activities, have received
much attention and debate. Far less has focused on some of the darker
spiritualistic parts of the drug wars.
One component entails the rise of
the cartel and gang narcocultura (drug culture) variant of the Cult of Santa
Muerte (literally translated as “Holy Death”).2 This variant of the
cult promotes greater levels of criminality than the more mainstream and older
forms of Santa Muerte worship. Sometimes it can be so extreme that it condones
morally corrupt behaviors—what many people would consider as resulting from an
evil value system that rewards personal gain above all else, promoting the
intentional pain and suffering of others, and, even, viewing killing as a
pleasurable activity.
While addressing the rise of such
dark spirituality requires a balanced perspective (e.g., avoiding a repeat of
the Satanism scare of the 1980s), enough ritualistic behaviors, including
killings, have occurred in Mexico to leave open the possibility that a
spiritual insurgency component of the narcotics wars now exists.
Not all of the narcotics leaders,
their foot soldiers, and assassins have remained religious or, alternatively,
embraced secularism.
But, evidence suggests that the numbers of defections to
the cults that worship a perverted Christian god (e.g., La Familia Michoacána
and Los Caballeros Templarios) and the various unsanctioned saints (e.g., Jesús
Malverde, Juan Soldado, and Santa Muerte) have grown for years
This rise in deviant spirituality
has not come as a surprise. Mexico still contains a significant population of
persons living in poverty and feeling disenfranchised by a government system
perceived as being based on patron-client relationships and the influence of
wealthy ruling families. This underclass produces a disproportionate amount of
unsanctioned (folk) saint worshipers—though only a small percentage of them end
up as killers for gangs and cartels. Still, many of these men and women who
brutalize, torture, and kill others need a way to rationalize their activities.
If not offered solace via
mainstream Catholicism, they will seek comfort elsewhere.3 While the
adherents of a more benign drug saint, such as Jesús Malverde, can engage in
nonreligious killing, others who worship Santa Muerte increasingly appear
unable to separate their criminality from their spiritual beliefs.
For U.S. law enforcement
agencies, the rise of a criminalized and dark variant of Santa Muerte worship
holds many negative implications. Of greatest concern, the inspired and
ritualistic killings associated with this cult could cross the border and take
place in the United States.
Dark Spirituality
Santa Muerte ideology has
developed in Mexico for approximately a half century and has spread into the
United States and Central America. The cult’s popularity has increased with its
ties to illicit narcotics trafficking in Mexico in the late 1980s and early
1990s. As a “saint of last resort,” Santa Muerte always has had a following
among those who live in extreme circumstances.
As one expert explains, “The
Santa Muerte cult could best be described as [following] a set of ritual
practices offered on behalf of a supernatural personification of death…she is
comparable in theology to supernatural beings or archangels.”4
The cult appears to have more European than
Aztecan origins, with some individuals describing Santa Muerte as a new age
Grim Reaper-type goddess, a bad-girl counterpart to the Virgin of Guadalupe.5
Her imagery includes that of a robed skeleton carrying a scythe and globe
or scales. Part of her popularity results from her characterization as
nonjudgmental (amoral) and a source of supernatural intervention for her
followers who engage in the correct rituals and provide the proper offerings
and sacrifices.
Over half of the prayers directed
at her include petitions to harm other people via curses and death magic.6
Still, many Santa Muerte followers appear benign—typically poor, uneducated,
and superstitious individuals who practice a form of unsanctioned saint worship
mixed with varying elements of folk Catholicism.
However, a sizeable minority of
worshipers follow the fully criminalized variant of Santa Muerte worship
steeped in narcocultura. The harsher version has gained popularity in Mexico as
the criminal insurgencies taking place in the country have spread and
intensified. For most of the cartels’ foot soldiers and their gang associates,
brutal deaths prove almost certain. Such a form of imminent mortality facing
adherents makes the worship of Santa Muerte spiritually dark.
The death of someone’s enemies,
protection from harm (or, at least, hope for a quick and glorious death),
cultivation of a dangerous reputation, and ability to enjoy the benefits of
fabulous riches—including the company of beautiful women—become paramount. With
the stakes so high, the sacrifices and offerings to Santa Muerte have become
primeval and barbaric. Rather than plates of food, beer, and tobacco, in some
instances, the heads of victims (and presumably their souls) have served as
offerings to invoke powerful petitions for divine intervention.
| |
Table 1. Santa Muerte Color
Significance
|
Color
|
Symbolism
|
Red
|
Love and passion
|
Black
|
Power against enemies
|
White
|
Personal protection
|
Green
|
Response to injustice/legal
issues
|
Gold
|
Attempt to attain wealth
|
Bone
|
Peace and harmony in life
|
Blue
|
Spiritual harmony and
concentration
|
Copper
|
Removal of negative energies
|
Purple
|
Transformation of negative
events to positive opportunities
|
Silver
|
Luck and success
|
Seven colors
|
Properties of the colors gold,
silver, copper, black, purple, red, and green
|
This table serves only as an
example. Applicable groups may be syncretic, drawing on multiple belief
systems and having different meanings for the same characteristics.
|
Source: Tony Kail, Santa
Muerte: Mexico’s Mysterious Saint of Death (La Vergne, TN: Fringe Research
Press, 2010): 128.
|
While not a fully developed
religion, Santa Muerte has self-proclaimed priests, temples and shrines, and
many ritualized elements. Mexican authorities arrested one high priest, Romo
Guillén, on kidnapping charges in December 2010. Individuals in his gang posed
as members of the Los Zetas Cartel.7 In 2009 he called for holy war
against the Catholic Church. During that same year, the Mexican army destroyed
numerous Santa Muerte shrines. Members of the Catholic Church and the army see
the growth of this cult as a dangerous development.8
Santa Muerte rituals vary, and
worshipers disagree about some of the symbolism and the proper procedures to
gain the spiritual and physical results petitioned. However, adherents
generally consider Santa Muerte a jealous and vengeful deity who demands that
her followers conduct the rituals and sacrifices properly to avoid her divine
wrath.
Candle magic, herbs, oils, amulets, spiritual energy, and various
mystical items play an important role (table 1). Often, the colors and mixtures
of items employed determine ceremonial intent and arrangement of the altar.
Components of the rituals also hold importance. Candles help to focus worshiper
concentration and act as a conduit so that Santa Muerte receives the prayers.
Smoke blown, alcoholic drink spit
out, and narcotics smeared on statues are thought to help activate them. The
bases of candles and statues also may have items or artifacts embedded in them
and may be anointed with oils and herbs to enhance their power.
More extreme
forms of worship involve bowls of blood—animal and human—at the altars and
smeared on the religious icons and on the devotee as part of a blood pact.9
Part 2:
Killings in Mexico
Similar circumstances have helped link killings in Mexico to
Santa Muerte worshipers. While such incidents—including those with ritualized
components—represent a small minority of murders perpetrated by Mexican cartels
and gangs, enough allegedly have taken place to generate alarm.
- In the
rough neighborhood of Tepito, Mexico City, in 2004, authorities arrested a
local car thief who later died in prison. A powerful criminal figure, he
killed virgins and babies once a year and offered them as sacrifices to
Santa Muerte to gain her favor and magical protection.10
- During
2008 in Nuevo Laredo, Gulf Cartel enforcers captured Sinaloa Cartel
members, took them to public Santa Muerte shrines, and executed them.
Analysis by a U.S. law enforcement officer suggests that the perpetrators
killed them as offerings to Santa Muerte.
- In
Ciudad Júarez in 2008, authorities found decapitated and stacked bodies at
crime scenes in five separate incidents. Links were inferred to Santa
Muerte worshipers.
- In
December 2009 and January 2010 in Ciudad Júarez, perpetrators murdered
individuals in apparent Santa Muerte ritual killings. Regarding one
incident, authorities found at the crime scene the remnants of an apparent
altar and the words “Santa Muerte” and cuídanos flakita (take care of us,
skinny) spray painted. In the second crime, gang members burned a victim
behind a house containing an altar and a small Santa Muerte statue.
Interviewed neighbors said that the killers—part of the Hillside 13
Gang—asked for “something big”; as a result, the perpetrators performed
multiple human sacrifices.
- In
Culiacan in January 2010, a suspect placed a decapitated head by the tomb
of deceased cartel leader Arturo Beltran Levya. Earlier, after Beltran
Levya was killed in his apartment, authorities found items related to the
cult of Santa Muerte, suggesting that one of his former fellow gang
members may have presented the head as an offering.
- In
April 2010 in Camargo and Miguel Aleman, perpetrators tortured and
decapitated individuals, carved the letter “Z” into their chests, and placed
the victims’ heads on the roof of a desecrated, graffiti-covered roadside
chapel. Based on the graffiti messages, the victims belonged to the Gulf
Cartel. The perpetrators comprised members of the Los Zetas Cartel, which
has embraced Santa Muerte as its patron saint. Many of the group’s members
have tattoos of her image on their upper arm or chest.
- In
Cancun in June 2010, investigators found the bodies of six tortured
victims, three with their hearts cut out and with the letter “Z” carved
into their abdomens, in a cave outside of the resort city. Presumably the
killers belonged to the Los Zetas Cartel, and the victims belonged to a
competing group.
- In
July 2011 in Ciudad Júarez, Mexican police discovered a skeleton dressed
as a bride at a Santa Muerte altar in a house used to hold kidnap victims.
The perpetrators left two skulls and numerous cigarette packs as
offerings. The circumstances behind the origins of the skeleton and
skulls—if they were prior cult victims—remain unknown.11............................continues on following page................