As a young Justice Department lawyer investigating the mob, he realized more witnesses might talk if they weren’t afraid of being killed.
Gerald Shur,
who realized that witnesses would be more likely to testify against organized
crime figures if they weren’t afraid of being assassinated, and who used that
insight to create the federal witness protection program, died on Aug. 25 at
his home in Warminster, Pa., He was 86. His son, Ronald, said the cause was
complications of lung cancer.
In 1961 Mr. Shur became an early recruit in the
crusade by Robert F. Kennedy, then the attorney general, to break the grip of
organized crime in the United States. Joining the Justice Department that year
as a lawyer assigned to New York, he was tasked with investigating the mob.
“In
the course of that,” he told The Associated Press in 2007, “I began to hear
people say, ‘I can’t testify,’ ‘I’ll be murdered before or after I testify.’”
Largely at his instigation, the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 created the
Witness Security Program (sometimes known as WITSEC) under the United States
Marshals Service.
One part of the program protected criminals in prison who were
providing evidence against other criminals — by, for instance, isolating them
in secure cells away from other inmates who might carry out a hit. The
better-known part fashioned new identities for vulnerable witnesses and those
close to them, allowing them to start new lives.
During his 34-year tenure at the
Justice Department, 6,416 witnesses and thousands of their dependents —
“including wives, children and mistresses” — were given new identities and
relocated, Pete Earley, who with Mr. Shur wrote the 2002 book “WITSEC: Inside
the Federal Witness Protection Program,” said on his blog in a tribute to Mr.
Shur. “No witnesses got protection without his personal attention,” Mr. Earley
added. “He wrote nearly all of the program’s rules, shaped it based on his own
personal philosophical views, and guided it with an iron hand.”
Although the program has had thousands
of participants, Mr. Shur had standards governing which witnesses got in: They
had to have real evidence against someone of importance, and they had to be in
real jeopardy if they agreed to provide it. “I guarantee you,” Mr. Shur said in
the 2007 interview, “that the kind of people we accept are ones where if the
guy testified on Monday morning and didn’t get protection, he would be dead
Monday afternoon.”
The program drew its share of complaints over the years,
especially early on, when the number of participants grew quickly. Some of
those given new identities complained of inadequate support or security in
their new lives, or of trouble with paperwork. And sometimes, since many
protected witnesses were lifelong criminals, the participants returned to their
former, well, occupations.
But, Mr. Shur argued, the program “has
led to the conviction and incarceration of 10,000 very serious criminals — people
who posed a far bigger threat to the community than do those 22 percent of our
people who become recidivist.”
As for the “protection” part of witness
protection, it didn’t always work. But Mr. Shur said the failures invariably
occurred when witnesses violated the rules put in place for their safety. “The
biggest rule: Don’t go back home,” he said. “One fellow went back home, turned
his doorknob and it blew up in his face.”
Such setbacks aside, in 1994, the
year before he retired, Mr. Shur was able to tell a House subcommittee, “No
witness who has followed the security rules has been killed.” The Marshals
Service still makes that claim today.
Gerald Shur was born on Oct. 18, 1933, in
the Bronx. His mother, Rose (Nissell) Shur, was a homemaker, and his father,
Abraham, was general manager of the United Popular Dress Manufacturers
Association, an employer group, and then owned a dress-manufacturing shop.
Mr.
Shur said his interest in battling organized crime was sparked by hearing his
father complain about mob influence in New York’s garment district. “My father
hated the mob and what it did in a community,” he said. “From then on, I wanted
to know, ‘Who were these people?’”
He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High
School in the Bronx in 1951. He went on to earn a bachelor’s degree in business
administration at the University of Texas at Austin in 1955 and a law degree
there in 1957. Early in his Justice Department tenure, Mr. Earley said, Mr.
Shur “was assigned to babysit” Joseph Valachi, the first major mob figure to
break the so-called code of silence that governed organized crime.
After Mr.
Valachi’s headline-making revelations, which included testifying to a
congressional committee in 1963, the government wasn’t sure what to do with
him, other than give him some special accommodations in prison, where he died
of a heart attack in 1971.
“Shur realized at the time two things: the power of
a flipped witness to break the mob, and that future witnesses would need more
than more prison time in a well-equipped cell to get them to turn against their
bosses,” Mr. Earley said.
Not long after Mr. Valachi’s testimony, a federal
marshal named John J. Partington was protecting another
mobster-turned-informant, Joe Barboza, outside prison, including by keeping him
in the Thatcher Island lighthouse in Massachusetts.
“While the Valachi case
gave him the WITSEC idea,” Mr. Earley said by email, “the Barboza case helped
convince him that witnesses could be protected outside incarceration, and this
prompted him to suggest the creation of the program.”
Witness protection was
widely credited with helping to diminish the power of organized crime. Later in
Mr. Shur’s career it was brought to bear against Colombian and Mexican drug
dealers and, in his final years, international terrorists.
In addition to his son, Mr. Shur is
survived by his wife, Miriam (Heifetz) Shur, whom he married in 1952; a
daughter, Ilene Meckley Clark; six grandchildren; and seven
great-grandchildren. Mr. Shur ended up with a career’s worth of colorful
stories about the mobsters and others who had gone through his program.
One
participant, Mr. Earley related, was Mr. Shur himself. In 1991, he said,
federal officials apprehended an assassin for the Medellín drug cartel who had
the names of Mr. Shur and his wife on what appeared to be a hit list. They put
the couple in a hotel under assumed names, Mr. Earley said, but the arrangement
didn’t last long.
“Shur was miserable trying to follow the very rules that he
had imposed on so many others,” he said. “After several weeks, he’d had enough
and insisted on confronting the hit man despite the objections of the
marshals.” The man told him he was not a target after all.
Letting go someone like Gravano who admitted to murdering 19 people, just so you can get Gotti is a bit funky to say the least.
ReplyDeleteFacts
DeleteThat is always a problem, but keep in mind Gravano brought down a lot more people than just Gotti.
Deletevery sad protection for these murders.
DeleteAnimo Yekashi 69
ReplyDelete8:07 gravano was trusted to go back to his ways, sure enough, he went back to prison for other crimes like drug trafficking.
ReplyDelete--OJ also went back to prison for a few years, he was/is guilty of two murders for which he even trained while making a movie.
O.J. says he is innocent?????
DeleteWTF OJ went back because he was guilty in Civil court
Deletenothing to do with this story
Any way stats say 10,000 convictions to 6.466 people in safe houses is not very good
Plus this man and others had a great job Think about it
they could have information and then be killed before they went in to the program This man could have sold out criminals pretty easy
Mr kennady A guy here says he saw you fckibg that girl um he has pictures of you
Oh thank You Mr Shur for the heads up we will take care of this one before he gets into your program
I think everyone has a right to be protected while having information on Crimes Gangs Mafia Cartels
But at same time if they break the law just once after wards They get cut from program
Would be nice to have one in Mexico But as i said above the head of program would sell these snicthes back to the cartels
I say always have money at ready and live very simple if you want to dissapper It can be done with out being a snicth
In his book "if i did it" OJ explains how he did it, but he got away with murder for a while, jurors got even with whitey for declaring police officers who beat up what'sis name "Not Guilty".
DeleteThere is enough impunity around without witness protection...
Vicente Zambada and the rest of the King Rat’s kids have a shrine made for this guy!
ReplyDeleteY si LOL 😅😅🤣🤣🤣
DeleteHe once had to go into his own program to hide.
ReplyDeleteUnrelated but I write this as an observation regarding Mickey Thompson's 1988 murder and witness protection. I do not believe Goodwin is responsible for Thompson's and his wife's death. Thompson had testified against drug dealers and, I believe, was set to testify again. His murder had all the hallmarks of drug hit, the actual killers were later identified in the 2000s doing prison time for other crimes but the media convicted Goodwin in the court of public opinion. He was later convicted in court. I wonder if Thompson would be alive today if he was offered some sort of state witness protection.
ReplyDeleteWhy does he have to be offered..
DeleteWhy could he ask for it instead ?
Leave your home dont ever come back never
8:51
DeleteI wrote if he was offered and not that he had to be offered. There's a difference.
Barry Seal and jeff epstein did not have time to do a deal, the dealers had the house and all the cards and loaded dice...
DeleteEl papa de los snitchaloas! How their hearts break today!
ReplyDeleteThe Solution to the witness protection program for Organized crime is simple you don't need to kill the people who turn informants or their families but you should never remove them from the list. Hit the prosecutor, arresting officers, judges, members of said task forces, gang units, and their families the Arresting officers, City employees, city council. Everyone that works for the city, state or government. People you see commenting on law enforcement pages, so many targets.
ReplyDeletePandora's box they will start targeting your family that is the only problem. The reality is they have started to play a very dirty game and no one has hit back at them for doing it.
Gotti was not Snitch. All new Criminal Bosses r not old school, "they talk". Thats including Mexico Cartel bosses. New ones will talk.
ReplyDeleteHere in RGV, biggest crooks, are our Sherriffs and county judges, they r for sale.
ReplyDelete